Debt versus Equity Financing Paper Essay

Management Innovation and New Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The executives Innovation and New Technology - Essay Example Notwithstanding, current speculations are moving ceaselessly from this innovator folklore to increasingly all encompassing methodologies that are regularly founded on complete procedures and this has prompted effective commercialization of new items and procedures. An individual can certainly express that item advancement is an intricate procedure instead of a one-day occasion. This implies there is a ton that is associated with item development. Various bits of knowledge are obvious in the item advancement multifaceted nature. In the first place development starts and finishes with innovation (Wield and Rhode, 82). Development alludes to the disclosure of new and savvy thoughts and antiques. In spite of the reality, that making new thought is the pattern of development, it is vital that the thought must be sifted through with regards to whether it is functional or potentially material into the cultural setting. At the end of the day, advancement thinks about adjusting the recently d iscovered thoughts into pragmatic profitable application specifically work procedures or item markets of a specific firm. The applications ought not exclusively be to explicit firms yet in addition to the whole economy and into the general public. This suggestion can be advocated by the way that in spite of Spencer Silvers finding the Post-it brand glue before 1970 this honorable development was just popularized in 1978 after the organization (3M) had disregarded for that long inferable from absence of functional appropriateness (Ketteringham and Nayak 427). Silver’s snapshot of finding the Post-it brand cement started in 3M’s Central Research Laboratories under program named â€Å"Polymers for Adhesives† in 1964. Tragically in spite of the way that silver concocted extraordinary type of glue his new thought couldn't be paid attention to by the administration since Silver couldn't discover an issue to apply this good thought. It was until Arthur Fry a 3M scienti st, an ensemble executive and a novice specialist found an issue to Silver’s thought when he concocted the paper to paper use of the glue. As per Wield and Rhode (84), the multifaceted nature of item development can be comprehended by pulling back the suspicion that advancement takes a â€Å"linear flow†. It is critical that fruitful advancement has no straight line thinking about that it doesn't spring from logical innovation right to build up a serious edge. The idea of the connection between a logical innovation and the mechanical advancement is in itself complex and as a result of this explanation, the connection has regularly been confounding. People need to comprehend that logical innovation benefits a great deal from mechanical improvement in various manners that incorporate however not constrained to move of information, system of calling, abilities and instruments. On account of 3M, it is apparent that the organization gloats of a survey of gifted researchers that extend from scientific experts and architects who worked energetically in 3M’s Central Research Laboratories to concoct new developments. The possibility that drove into advancement of outstanding amongst other selling result of 3M named Post-it Note Pad came about because of a progression of innovative improvements that took around 10 years (Ketteringham and Nayak 425). Effective item development is additionally a matter of collaboration between various factors inside and outside the association (Wield and Rhode, 84). Studies demonstrate that those elements that key determinant to the business accomplishment of an item are found outside the regions which are normally connected with the with the

Research Based Essay Topics - Write About Your Passion

Research Based Essay Topics - Write About Your PassionIt is crucial that you know the appropriate research-based essay topics to write about. It is not enough to write about some boring topic or to find some information for it. People who have gone through a lot of studies find writing more interesting. This does not mean that writing about boring subjects like house chores is not relevant.Research topics can be anything as long as you choose one that you feel passionate about. The questions you ask in your essay should be based on what you are capable of doing and what you enjoy doing. You should learn how to write a great essay by taking tips from writers. You can find some of these free research topic tips online and you can even take up some coaching sessions for making you better.Writing about subjects such as cooking and gardening is very simple but it is not easy writing about research-based essay topics. You need to be knowledgeable about your subject. Writing about your pass ion and what you have done to achieve success will make your essays more interesting. If you are in a job where you are expected to look at boring subjects, do not force yourself to write about some boring topics.Some people can write good research based essay topics but when it comes to creativity, they get distracted by something else. Do not stop thinking about the topics that you are going to write about. Always keep your ideas fresh. If you have a passion, the essay topic must not be boring.Research topics must be something you are interested in. If you are an artist and you want to write an essay about painting, you may write about painting but you should not stick to it. It should have some parts in it that you like.Writing an essay can be very boring if you write what you know. You have to choose the topic that you feel passionate about. If you do not feel like writing about it, you can look up some good research based essay topics online. You may also find some free suggest ions on how to write an interesting essay topic.These research-based essay topics are so important because they make people relate to you. You can also try consulting some professionals that can help you with writing effective research based essay topics.Remember that the research-based essay topics that you write must be informative and you should be able to deliver it. Your audience will become interested in your topic if you are able to deliver it. Make sure that you know your topic well before you write the essay.

Babe Ruth, Charles Lindbergh, and Heny Ford Heros of the...

The economic and social change era was during the 1920’s. With the war ending in 1918 American’s began to worry less allowing people more time to enjoy themselves. During the 20’s, America was also building the economy back up that had been damaged during World War 1. The 20’s was a time that Americans enjoyed spending that extra time doing many activities. One of American’s favorites was watching baseball games, to be more specific the world’s greatest baseball player at the time, Babe Ruth. Since the war ended it allowed people to let their minds wander and to let their creative sides come out and invent things. Among these new inventers, Henry Ford’s invention had to have been one of the most influential in the 1920’s. Along with the inventors and professional baseball players, many other people in the 1920’s had great aspirations and goals. One of these people went by the name of Charles Lindbergh. Although these three men are diverse in race, personality, interests, and careers, they all share one major thing in common. They all represented some part of the American ideal. These three men brought America together as whole. Reaching their own dreams and goals inspired the U.S citizen’s to dream big and never give up. For this, they are considered heroes. George Herman also referred to as Babe Ruth, The Great Gambino, and The Suitan of Swat influenced the game of baseball greatly. This man, being six foot, two inches high and weighing two hundred and fifteen pounds

Essay The Forest in A Midsummer Night’s Dream’ - 1122 Words

Only in the forest do women exercise power. How far do you agree with this statement? The forest in ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’ is used as a green space, a place where the social norms don’t apply. At the time of writing, Shakespearean England was ruled by a female monarch, Queen Elizabeth the 1st who was only the 2nd queen of England in their own right. This power held by a woman at the time was not the norm, women were subservient of men. Hermia has been promised to Demetrius by her father; however she is unwilling to marry him as she is in love with Lysander. We are introduced to this theme when they visit Thesus, the figure of authority in the play, who makes it clear that women are not to have their own identity, but instead are†¦show more content†¦Titania and her husband Oberon are shown arguing over ‘A lovely boy, stol’n from an Indian king –’ (II.i.22) who is her possession. As she is refusing to hand over this changeling child, Titania is showing Oberon, that they are equals, ‘am I not thy lord/Then I must be you lady;’ (II.i.63-64), she retaliates showing him that they are equals, which when Shakespeare was writing this was far from the social norm. During their argument in Act 2, Titania uses natural world imagery to argue her case, that she should keep the changeling child and for their argument to cease. She says that the winds, piping us in vain, /as in rev enge have suckd from the sea (II.i.87-88) which suggests that she is angrier than normal as a wind coming of the sea is more powerful than a normal wind. This use of natural metaphors tells us that the characters of Oberon and Titania are unpredictable and dangerous because of the power they have as King and Queen of the fairies. Titania is arguably the strongest women in the play; however she is still susceptible to the devious schemes of Oberon and Puck. She is tricked, by the use of a love-juice potion, into falling in love with Bottom who appears to have an ass’s head, â€Å"An ass’s nole I fixed on his head† (III.ii.17). This event leads to Oberon asking her for the changeling child â€Å"Which straight she gave to me,† (IV.i.58) showing that even strong woman can be tricked by men, which is stillShow MoreRelated The Role of the Forest in Midsummer Nights Dream and As You Like It1387 Words   |  6 Pages He explores this comparison through the role and purpose of the forests in Midsummer Nights Dream and As You Like It. Midsummer Nights Dream focuses on imagination and escape, while As You like It focuses on reality and self discovery. Imagination plays a key role in Midsummer Nights Dream. Puck, a fairy servant and friend of Oberon watches six Athenian men practice a play to be performed for Theseus wedding in the forest. Puck turns Nick Bottoms head into that of an ass. The other playersRead More A Midsummer Night’s Dream Essay: Importance of the Nighttime Forest1636 Words   |  7 PagesA Midsummer Nights Dream: The Importance of the Nighttime Forest  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Shakespeare’s play A Midsummer Nights Dream the dark forest is the center of the world, relegating Athens, center of the civilized Greek world, to the periphery. Day gives way to night, and mortal rulers leave the stage to be replaced by fairies. The special properties of night in a forest make it the perfect setting for the four lovers to set out on a project of self-discovery. Shakespeare implies that in darknessRead MoreFantasy vs. Reality in a Midsummer Nights Dream Essay1126 Words   |  5 Pagesand Reality in A Midsummer Night’s Dream In A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Shakespeare easily blurs the lines of reality by inviting the audience into a dream. He seamlessly toys with the boundaries between fantasy and reality. Among the patterns within the play, one is controlled and ordered by a series of contrasts: the conflict of the sleeping and waking states, the interchange of reality and illusion, and the mirrored worlds of Fairy and Human. A Midsummer Nights Dream gives us insightRead MoreThe Anatomy Of Criticism By Northrop Frye991 Words   |  4 Pagesstructuralist approach is crucial to analyzing Shakespeare s comedy A Midsummer Night’s Dream. One finds that the play revolves around many different pairs of oppositions, in particular that of the court and the forest. Analyzing the play with this structuralist point of view underscores the archetypal qualities of the court (the real world) and the forest and provides a deep contrast between both mythic locations. A Midsummer Night’s Dream begins in the real world: a world governed by the laws of the timeRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1474 Words   |  6 Pagesconsistent and underlying concept of romance in each of Shakespeare’s plays and related movies. For instance, one could look at the movies A Midsummer Night’s Dream and Shakespeare in Love. The latter follows the life of William Shakespeare himself, everything from his love affair with Viola de Lesseps to his creation of Romeo and Juliet. A Midsummer Night’s Dream, is one of the most famous plays of Shakespeare’s, revolving around the tumultuous relationships of four lovers, aided, and sometimes thwartedRead MoreA Midsummer Night s Dream1094 Words   |  5 PagesJeana Jago Theater History J. Robideau October,1st 2015 A Midsummer Night’s Dream In a Midsummer Night’s Dream, Shakespeare story about romantic desire. Theseus and Hippolyta, are about to be married; both of them are wonderful figures from classical mythology. (Greek Mythology) Theseus is a great warrior, a kinsman of Hercules; Hippolyta is an Amazon warrior-woman, defeated in battle by Theseus. (Theseus and Hippolyta) He was longing for the wedding day, and this is what opens the play and closingRead MoreThe Theme of Love in A Midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare1563 Words   |  7 PagesThe Theme of Love in A Midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare In A Midsummer Nights Dream, Shakespeare presents us with multiple types of love by using numerous couples in various different situations. For example: Doting loves, the love induced by Oberons potion and in some aspects, Lysander and Hermias love for each other; there are true loves: Oberon and Titania, Lysander and Hermia (for the first half at least, as Lysanders love switches to Helena temporarily)Read MoreEssay on Analysis of Rationality In A Midsummer Nights Dream1058 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream is not simply a light-hearted comedy; it is a study of the abstract. Shakespeare shows that the divide between the dream world and reality is inconstant and oftentimes indefinable. Meanwhile, he writes about the power of the intangible emotions, jealousy and desire, to send the natural and supernatural worlds into chaos. Love and desire are the driving forces of this play’s plot, leaving the different characters and social classes to sort out the resultingRead More William Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay935 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream A Midsummer Night’s Dream could have easily been a light-hearted, whimsical comedy. Complete with a magic forest and a kingdom of fairies, it is an iconic setting for amorous escapades and scenes of lovers. But Shakespeare’s writing is never so shallow; through this romantic comedy, Shakespeare postulates an extremely cynical view of love. A Midsummer Night’s Dream becomes a commentary on the mystery of love, and lovers in general emerge shamedRead MoreA Midsummer Nights Dream Research Paper (with Cited)1161 Words   |  5 PagesThe play, A Midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare, is about four lovers and their dreamlike adventure through a fairy ruled forest. There are many different characters in this play and they each play their own individual role in how the play is performed and read. Three main characters that showed great characteristics are: Puck, Tom Bottom, and Helena. The play, A Midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare, uses characters and their conflicts to give meaning to this piece of literature

Management Corporate Social Responsibility

Question: Should organisations be socially responsible? Critically discuss with reference to arguments for and against corporate social responsibility. Answer: The modern global business industry has made significant growth in the past few decades or so. In the past, the primary goals of business organisations are to achieve significant business outcomes. However, the increasing concern of social responsibility has created a better interface between the social public, corporate businesses and local governments to make a sustainable decision on protecting societal liability (Hond, Bakker Neergaard, 2007). As a result of the consequences, it is high time that the business enterprises must make an overview of the legal, societal, ethical, and moral effects of business assessment. The essay paper has been produced to make an explicit discussion on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) of modern organisations. By identifying the efficacy of CSR projects, the paper will provide how the CSR has created a positive impact on society (Visser, 2007). Understandably, maintaining significant ethical standards in CSR in not a choice now a day but a comm itment for the modern corporate world. Corporate Social Responsibility of a business organisation can actively play a massive role to improve the standards of social living. The involvement within social activities is essential for any business organisation so that they can take the responsibility of the stakeholders, social public and the environment. Previously, charity and fund raising activities have been identified as the major contribution of the corporate businesses towards the society (Vogel, 2015). But things have dramatically changed in the past couple of decades as the modern business corporations have included themselves in mainstream activities to promote social responsibilities towards the community (May, Cheney Roper, 2007). By identifying the importance of ethical standards in corporate social responsibility, modern business enterprises have critically assessed their decision-making so that the ultimate outcome can improve the condition of the social public. Meanwhile, the corporations have actively utili sed their individual wealth to create sustainable progress for the social community through job creation, education, and health promotions. Ethics is another vital parameter in defining efficient Corporate Social Responsibility. On the basis of the standards of social ethics, corporate enterprises must set ethical standards to avoid any adverse effect on the community. In the modern competitive business environment, business ethics has become a serious challenge for corporate companies. In some cases, employers are tending to follow unethical moves to increase profitability. In global downturn cases, corporate companies have bound to fire many employees that may be considered as ethically incorrect (Hunnicutt, 2009). As the employees are the responsibilities of any organisations, such unethical decisions can create massive social issues. Therefore, significant ethical standards within the CSR can be promoted so that during an economic downturn the organisations should adjust their profitability margins according to their cost of expenses without firing the employees. Intelligent business organisations have identified the importance of social interest to promote their businesses. Therefore, by serving the community can open up numerous prospects for corporate businesses. In the private sector, the companies have to fulfil the requirement and quality of products and services for the consumers. At the same time, the investors must be taken care of in the business (Haerens Zott, 2010). Therefore, the corporate social responsibility can be utilised to create a bridge between the financial performance and standard of business services. Significantly, some major factors are driving the growing interest in CSR. First of all, the latest concerns and growing expectations of the consumers, social public and stakeholders of businesses can be identified as one of the possible factors (Zu, 2009). Secondly, it is the investment decision-making of the organisations that can influence the social responsibility towards the society. Thirdly, the growing apprehensi ons of ecological degradation have been a critical factor that directed the organisations to follow significant standards (Trong Tuan, 2012). Therefore, sustainable environmental conservation has been the key aspect of protecting the natural resources. Herein, the organisations have adopted a specific waste management plan to handle the issues regarding industrial waste. In this way, following the government guidelines and regulations, the modern business organisations have protected the environment from contamination setting examples for the rest of the world. Making profits in the verge of exploiting the environment is an unethical concept that is restricted by the corporate social responsibility. Making the loss of environment and living beings to grow businesses and earn profits has been a common practice in the traditional business environment (Trebeck, 2008). But, with the rise in humanity factors and concerned about the society, corporate social responsibility has been an important success factor for the survival and growth of the business (Duarte, 2010). It brings up the path of better strategies that can be used to handle waste disposal, disposal of dirty and infected water, and deforesting vegetations to grow businesses. Some concepts of sustainable environmental management are not yet clear because the government and other concerned bodies are still yet developing technology and new ways of safeguarding the environment. It is important to check the waste before leaving or disposing of it in the clean environment. Hence, corporate social responsibility can be termed as a mechanism that ensures that organisations must be responsible for their operations. The global financial crisis in the year 2008 brought up various social norms that are never yet imagined earlier. It was a tragedy to see thousands of people losing their jobs during the financial downturn. The study shows that most of the multinational corporations utilised the financial crisis to seek financial benefits from the banks (Jones, Bowd Tench, 2009). Hence, it was found that few people were benefited from the losses of thousands of people. Here, the importance of corporate social responsibility comes that would have saved the jobs of the people who suffered from the financial gloom. Corporate social responsibility helps the organisations to get engaged to certain activities that return the community with good results. Most of the activities that are considered to be useful in return good results to the community include events that helps to solve the issues in the society, raising funds for natural calamities, activities that helps to protect the environment and policies of the organisations that increases the value of the employees. Hence, it can be seen that corporate social responsibilities are helpful in benefiting the communities and safeguard the society (Rigoberto Parada Daza, 2009). It enforces the organisations to works for the betterment of the society and the nation. Along with that, corporate social responsibility is the success factor for every organisation to grow their business in the current business scenario. It increases the reputation of the firm and provides the company with loyal customers (Crane Matten, 2007). Furthermore, corporate social policies of the organisations help to educate people who to safeguard the environment that will help the community to preserve the natural resources for the future generation. Another factor that comes in mind is the increase of global wealth. It can be seen that the income gap of the people is rising in the society. More than seventy percent of the people across the globe are considered below the poverty level. Hence, corporate social responsibility in the organisations can be helpful in providing livings to the poor people. It can be seen that corporate social responsibility brings different challenges for the organisations. It increases the investment in innovation and daily operations of the organisations. In addition to that, the corporate social responsibility also enhances the level of operations in an organisation that increases the pressure on the employees. But, when the challenges are compared with the benefits, it can be seen that corporate social responsibility is much beneficial for the multinational corporation. It helps the organisations to safeguard the society and work for the benefit of the community. Hence, it can be concluded by saying that organisations should be socially responsible for surviving and seeking growth in the current business scenario. References Crane, A. Matten, D. (2007).Corporate social responsibility. Los Angeles: Sage publications. Duarte, F. (2010). Corporate social responsibility in a Brazilian mining company: official and divergent narratives. Haerens, M. Zott, L (2010).Corporate social responsibility. Hond, F., Bakker, F., Neergaard, P. (2007).Managing corporate social responsibility in action. Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Ashgate. Hunnicutt, S. (2009).Corporate social responsibility. Detroit, MI: Greenhaven Press. Jones, B., Bowd, R., Tench, R. (2009). Corporate irresponsibility and corporate social responsibility: competing realities. May, S., Cheney, G., Roper, J. (2007).The debate over corporate social responsibility. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Rigoberto Parada Daza, J. (2009). A valuation model for corporate social responsibility. Trebeck, K. (2008). Exploring the responsiveness of companies: corporate social responsibility to stakeholders. Trong Tuan, L. (2012). Corporate social responsibility, ethics, and corporate governance. Visser, W. (2007).The A to Z of corporate social responsibility. Chichester, England: John Wiley Sons.

Sexual Education Essay Example Essay Example

Sexual Education Essay Example Paper Sexual Education Essay Introduction Sexual Education Essay Body Paragraphs Sexual Education Sex education is a general term that is used to define human sexuality. Through this education, young people acquire information sex, relationship and sexual identity. When young people learn they get skills, which will help them in decision-making. They start becoming more responsible about their actions and behavior. Their attitudes improve, as they will become more confident and ready to encounter their challenges. It has been made part of the curriculum in schools. However, some countries have not embraced it because there are ongoing controversies. Some people consider this education more harmful than beneficial. Teaching them about birth control methods may encourage them to engage in premarital sex. On the other hand, it is risky not to teach them. They should understand their bodies and learn how to be responsible. It will help them to stay away from dangerous sexual practices. The countries with conservative policies about sex education have high percentages of teenage hood pregnancies and STD infections. This is because teenagers are not advised on how to control their sexual practices. Everyone had his or her own way of learning about sexuality. Sex education was a taboo when I grew up. Parents would shy off from educating their children, and they would leave the teachers to do it. Due to this situation, we found ourselves gathering many rumors about this subject. Some were facts, but some turned out to be false information. When I was a child, I wondered where babies came from. One day I innocently asked my mother. She looked at me with shock on her face. It made her uncomfortable, but she reluctantly told me they come from God. He puts them in hospitals and doctors give them to mothers to raise them. I only came to learn the truth during my first years in elementary school. I was disappointed with my mother and demanded to know why she tricked me. She said I would not have understood the truth because I was very young. When I start ed my adolescent stage, my parents used to caution me not to play with boys. I found it mighty strange and impossible because I went to a mixed school. I was still naive, so I did not understand why suddenly I should avoid boys. After a detailed lecture about sexuality, we understood the metaphorical phrase. It actually meant as a girl, I should be careful when socializing with boys. Adolescents get attracted to each other, and they can easily engage in irresponsible sex. I felt it was unfair to use such indirect language to a naive girl. Were it not for that lecture, I would have never understood what my parents meant. The most frightening fact I learnt about sex is that one can get pregnant through unprotected sex. I could not stand the thought of being pregnant before marriage, so I promised myself, I would be a very responsible person. I also decide not to have any boyfriends until I finish university education. This was to help me to avoid temptations of irresponsible sex. As I continued to learn more I realized one should not be scared but rather, careful. Having many sex education discussions and talking to an adult helped me a lot. Adults are good counselors on challenges experienced by young people. I learnt valuable lessons from counselors. Young people can interact with the opposite sex in a healthy way. For example, it is possible for a boy and a girl to date without having sex. Most parents get involved in their adolescent children’s lives for guidance. In girls, menstruation is a significant change in their bodies. A few days before I started my menses, we had been taught about what to do when the cycle starts. I had always been looking forward to the day I would start. I feared starting high school before my menses begin. There were rumors that other girls used to tease those who never got periods. They considered them immature. I was very happy when I started. I learnt that it is not such an exciting experience as I thought it would be. In fact, that day I felt moody and unhappy. There were other symptoms like abdominal pains, fatigue and nausea among others. I longed for the day the cycle would end. I told my best friend about it, and she was happy for me. I thought to myself if she only knew, she would never want to menstruate. Having periods was only a secret that was supposed to be for girls. If a boy knew, it would be very shameful. Therefore, girls used to be extremely discreet during those days. In high school, this topic was discussed more often, and it was made part of the curriculum. The specific areas that were given attention were parts of the reproductive system and reproductive health. We were taught about family planning and sexually transmitted diseases. When we learnt about the various family planning methods, it was the first time I saw a condom. The teacher brought samples and every student had a look at them. I was astonished because I had a different idea of how they looked. When we were in mid dle school, there were rumors that condoms were not safe because they had microscopic holes. Our teacher confirmed that this was false information. One of the best contraceptives is condoms. They protect people from STIs and pregnancies. There is no other multi purpose contraceptive. It was emphasized because there were very many young people who made wrong choices because of lack of knowledge. Through the years, the number of teenage pregnancies has increased. For instance, in USA there are eight hundred and fifty thousand pregnancies annually. Another 9.1 million people who are below the age of twenty-five years, contract sexually transmitted diseases. We went on to learn about different forms of sexual orientations. For example, we discussed homosexuality. People gave different contributions because it was a controversy in the whole nation. At that time, I felt that was not a topic worth discussion because I was against it. I considered homosexuality an act against nature and tho ught people were just trying to change what should not be changed. I have developed a liberal mind, and I think these are personal issues. People are at free will to choose the sex orientation they please. However, they are also advised to practice safe intimacy. In some countries, they recognize even gay marriages but some abhor it hence, it is an illegal marriage set up. The people who are mostly against it are religious groups. They argue according to their teachings of creations. A man and woman will unite and start a family. Therefore, doing anything contrary to that is abomination to them. This type of education targets to decrease the risks of irresponsible sexual behavior. For instance, early pregnancies and STI. In many developing countries, HIV prevalence is high because of lack of sex education. Young people are not taught how to practice safe sex. They consider teaching them will encourage them to engage in sexual behaviors. Adults just preach to them about abstinence. T he world has changed, and people must accept these changes. It is better to teach teenagers about sex education since they are sexually active. Such countries are conservative, and they hope their young people will follow their advice. Issues of contraception and abortion are key topics in this education. They aim to discourage unwanted pregnancies, which lead to opting abortion. This alternative is risky, and the counselors ensure they emphasize it, should be avoided. This is where the topic of contraceptives becomes helpful because it is a solution to unplanned pregnancies and STIs. Another aim of sex education is to enhance young people’s good experiences of sexuality. This is done by improving their relationships and capability of making the right decisions in their lives. This education should enable the youth to get protection as well as enjoy the nature of their sexuality. As young people learn about their sexuality, they develop skills. These kinds of skills are relat ed to the general skills of life. They include communication, ability to negotiate and ability to recognize relevant sources of assistance. Very many other skills are used to have a healthy sexual relationship. These skills will help them to identify unnecessary influence from other people, and they will resist. Since youthful years are full of challenges, these skills will help young people to combat the challenges. Sex education is full of a lot of false information. The skills achieved will help young people to determine true and false information. They can do this by comparing what they were taught to what they are told. In case they are not sure, they will enquire from reliable sources. The greatest achievement of acquiring these skills is to enable the youth to practice morality. When the youth is equipped with sex education, they will learn many attitudes and beliefs about sexuality. There could be a lot of confusion about this. Health education emphasizes that young people s hould abstain whereas the media may suggest the contrary like being sexually active is a good thing. Since sexuality is a very delicate matter, educators should have substantial stands on what people should believe. Young people like to discuss moral and cultural issues related to sexuality. It is a good way of finding out more about other people’s opinions on these issues. Sexuality is a natural thing and hugely influential in every person’s life. Every adolescent has the right to know and study his body. Lack of this valuable knowledge may lead to extremely severe and unbearable circumstances. If a young boy or girl was not taught about growth, development and sexuality, they may suffer depression because they do not understand what is happening to them. If they would indulge in unsafe sex and the girl gets pregnant, she will suffer psychologically and physically. Lack of attention from guardians will make an adolescent feel neglected. They might even engage in dange rous behavior as a way of demanding attention. This is why guardians and teachers are required to offer young people full support and guidance as they continue to develop.

Immigration Issues in Alfonso Gonzaless Book Reform without Justice Latino Migrant Politics and the Homeland Security State

Immigration Issues in Alfonso Gonzaless Book Reform without Justice Latino Migrant Politics and the Homeland Security State The presentation of Alfonso Gonzales’s book â€Å"Reform without Justice: Latino Migrant Politics and the Homeland Security State† can be discussed as a kind of the political activity because the meeting is organized as the panel discussion of the United States’ current policies related to immigration issues.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Immigration Issues in Alfonso Gonzales’s Book â€Å"Reform without Justice: Latino Migrant Politics and the Homeland Security State† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Gonzales’s statements and ideas presented in the book, today the United States refer to the strategy of the anti-migrant hegemony in relation to Latino migrants. Gonzales claims that it is necessary to develop the comprehensive immigration reform which can contribute to the rights of Latino immigrants who are often criminalized within the society because of the U S inappropriate immigration policy (Gonzales, 2013, p. 24; Reform without justice, 2013). The attendance of the meeting is important to become more informed about the political issues because the leaders of the Mexican communities presenting at the meeting discuss the problematic issues with references to the real situations and evidences. From this point, the event adds to the active discussion of the Latino migrant politics with references to the actual examples. It is rather difficult to correlate the issue of the global capitalism with the idea of the immigrant civil right movement without participating in the discussions during the meeting. Focusing on the emotions associated with the discussed ideas about the necessity of the comprehensive immigration reform, it is necessary to pay attention to the desire to support the claims of the Latino migrant activists because the issue is closely connected with the problems of ideological focus, immigrant rights movement, and social pre judice which should not be observed and developed in the democratic society. Moreover, the detailed discussion of the immigrant rights movement in relation to the racial prejudice issues is effective to receive the more clear vision of the reform’s idea and effectiveness. The problems analyzed during the panel discussion are closely connected with the concepts studied during the course. Thus, the focus on the Latino immigrant rights can be considered as significant in the context of discussing the principles of the 21st century democracy in the United States.Advertising Looking for report on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The problem is in the fact that the challenges experienced by Latino immigrants in the United States because of the weaknesses of the immigrant policy allow speaking about the inappropriateness of definite political approaches and strategies (Reform without justice, 2013) . Thus, following the concepts studied during the course, it is important to note that the effective democratic society is free from racial and ethnic prejudice. The issues discussed at the meeting respond to creating the picture of the diversified political background in the United States. Furthermore, the discussion is important to pay more attention to the issue of the Latino civil rights movements with references to the stories of the certain persons participating in the meeting. The meeting can affect the person’s life and viewpoint with references to rethinking the role of politically active groups in the reforming processes. The attendance of the meeting was necessary to learn more information about the activities of such groups as the Hispanic Congressional Caucus and the National Council of La Raza which work is rather controversial and provocative in relation to contributing to the comprehensive immigration reform (Reform without justice, 2013). It is possible to no tice the effects of the discussed anti-migrant hegemony more clearly with references to discussing the concrete evidences and the activities of the politically active groups. Heather Mac Donald on the Issue of Immigration Heather Mac Donald is the Fellow at the Manhattan Institute who works at the problem of immigration in the United States. In her works, Mac Donald argues that the effective development of policies in the United States is closely associated with proposing the liberal immigration policy which can address the needs of thousands of migrants from the Central and South America (Heather Mac Donald, 2013). According to Mac Donald, any additions to the current approach in relation to the immigrant politics can improve the situation and respond to the needs of the communities because adequate liberalization is the necessary aspect to provide the positive atmosphere within the society. Mac Donald states that many numbers associated with the rates of immigrants who develop bus inesses in the United States are inappropriate and cannot reflect the real situation in the social and economic spheres of the American society. It is impossible to state that illegal immigration caused the rates associated with the unemployment of the Americans. According to Mac Donald, these immigrant groups cannot be discussed as risky for the development of the US economy (Mac Donald, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Immigration Issues in Alfonso Gonzales’s Book â€Å"Reform without Justice: Latino Migrant Politics and the Homeland Security State† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, Mac Donald also claims that the struggle with the illegal immigration cannot be effective enough, and it is necessary to pay more attention to avoid the immigration of persons who cannot add to the welfare of the society in the United States. From this point, the national wealth can be improved with referen ces to accepting educated immigrants from the Central and South Americas. That is why, the immigration policy can be changed and improved with references to the idea that well-educated immigrants can contribute to the national wealth significantly (Mac Donald, 2006). In her articles, books, and interviews, Mac Donald provides arguments to support the idea that the current approach of the US government to regulating the immigrant policy is rather ineffective because the government is concentrated on limiting all the types of immigration from the Central and South Americas (Heather Mac Donald, 2013). As a result, following such immigration politics, the Americans fail to gain more benefits from immigration. Moreover, the shift of the focus from the possible illegal immigration to the legal immigration is also important for the Latinos who discuss immigration as the only way to improve their living conditions. The refusals to provide the status of legal immigrants for the majority of t he well-educated Mexicans and representatives of the South American countries can lead to weakening definite industries in the United States. From this point, the carefully developed immigration policy oriented both to the progress of the national economy and to the attraction of the legal immigrants can be discussed as the effective strategy for the US government to improve the immigrant politics and economic sector in the country (Mac Donald, 2006). Heather Mac Donald’s ideas on the immigration politics issues are rather logical and credible. These points of view and arguments are supported with the significant research on the problem and a lot of provided evidences. Thus, the author’s discussion of the immigration questions and possible solutions related to the problem can be considered as necessary to address the issue of the ineffective immigrant policy and reforms in the United States in order to overcome the social and economic challenges. References Gonzales, A . (2013). Reform without justice: Latino migrant politics and the homeland security state. USA: Oxford University Press.Advertising Looking for report on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Heather Mac Donald. (2013). Retrieved from https://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/ignoring-law-2651.html Mac Donald, H. (2006). Seeing today’s immigrants straight. Retrieved from https://www.city-journal.org/html/seeing-today%E2%80%99s-immigrants-straight-12947.html Reform without justice. (2013). Web.

#1 - the effectiveness of graphic organizers #2 -Learning vocabulary Article

#1 - the effectiveness of graphic organizers #2 -Learning vocabulary through reading - Article Example There were earlier studies in the area, though limited in scope, which have brought out the positive aspects of graphic organizers. The reviewed study aims to provide additional knowledge in the recently implemented systems where remedial students and students with learning disabilities are mainstreamed, and it could ostensibly lead to significant research in the field. The review of literature is carried out promptly, mentioning studies in the field by Bergerud, Lovitt, and Horton, Darch and Carnine, Sinatra et.al., Scruggs et.al., Mastropieri et. al., and so on. The review goes in detail to the significance of their studies and critically evaluates them, establishing the necessity of the present study. It also establishes a theoretical framework, holds scope to make use of the effectiveness of graphic organizers for students with learning handicap to the relatively new aspect of mainstream instruction. The authors succeed in relating previous research to their work. The study has three research questions which are hypothesized in affirmative answers. The questions are: 1. are the graphic organizers more effective than self-study condition for the three classifications mentioned? 2. do graphic organizers produce consistent effects in middle school and high school across a variety of content area classes? and 3. can teachers successfully implement graphic organizers with heterogeneous groups through teacher-directed and student-directed procedures? The hypothesis is consistent with theory and known facts. It is explained as testable, and promised to provide expected results. The methodology is explained with sufficient clarity so as to allow future researchers to replicate it for their purposes. The population used is selected from nine whole classes of three each from middle school science, middle school social studies and high school social studies. From each subject area, two classes are randomly selected to serve as experimental groups and

Paper 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Paper 1 - Essay Example The City of Cleveland argued that the ordinance was constitutional, since it upheld the ruling made under Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas, 416 U.S. 1, which had limited the number of people who could occupy a single dwelling (Casner, 189). The Supreme Court held that the ordinance created by the City of Cleveland was unconstitutional, since it violated the due process clause as provided under the Fourth Amendment Schedule of the United States Constitution (Areen, 227). The Supreme Court held that the material facts of the case were distinguishable from the nature of the facts provided under Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas, 416 U.S. 1, which offered a provision for restriction of individuals who were unrelated from one another (Areen, 227). Thus, the limitation and definition of family as a nuclear family was a completely new conception, which violates both the tradition and cultural conception of a family as involving the extended family. Further, the court held that when the conception of the family unit is challenged through the government intrusion of the choices that concern the living arrangements of family, then the interest advanced by the government in this case must be carefully examined (Casner, 189). The court also held that the ordinance established by the East Cleveland City had a weak relationship with its intended objective such as reducing overcrowding and the heavy financial burden on the schools, since a larger nuclear family could have a more overcrowding and financial burden on the city than a small extended family. Finally, the court held that the basic values underlying a society, as well as the teaching of history must be recognized and respected, at the expense of laws that seek to draw superficial and arbitrary boundaries like confining the family unit to a couple and their dependants (Areen, 228). Thus, the court held that the

The controversy of water fluoridation Research Paper

The controversy of water fluoridation - Research Paper Example One particular issue has to do with the overall potential benefit for drawbacks that this fluoridation might necessarily affect. For the most part, it is been broadly accepted that water fluoridation is beneficial to the overall health of individuals within society. For the most part, this benefit has been tangentially related to dental health. However, there are also been claims by many scientists and researchers that fluoride within drinking water also benefits the overall bone health within an individual that is exposed to it. Furthermore, this practice has been approved and supported by both the American Medical Association and the American dental Association since 1951 and 1953 respectively. Essentially, two government agencies are ultimately responsible for overseeing the way in which fluoride is represented within the water supply in the United States. These government agencies are the Federal Drug Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency. The government requirem ents for fluoridation of water and acceptable levels stipulate that the maximum level of fluoride that can be found in public water should not exceed 4 ppm (parts per million) (Vandana, 2014). In several studies that have been conducted nation-wide, this has been found to have been exceeded. For the most part, there is a great dearth of effective and fully scientific studies that have been conducted as a means of determining the potential drawbacks or extant benefits that water fluoridation is able to effect. This is unique and at the very least somewhat troubling; in light of the fact that the nation’s water supply has been fluoridated for well over 60 years now. As such, the following analysis will pay a special level of attention to some of the positive and potential negative effects that water fluoridation may have on the populace. Through such a level of examination and

In Nazi Occupied Eastern Europe, the Jewish Reaction to the Final Solution Varied :: Papers

In Nazi Occupied Eastern Europe, the Jewish Reaction to the Final Solution Varied The common belief of the reaction of the Jews to the final solution is that they did nothing. Many believed that they went like 'sheep to the slaughter'. However only recently has evidence come to light through documents hidden, found then translated from Russian, Polish and other languages. Also only recently survivors are coming forward and recollecting their experiences. Now it is therefore coming to light that many resisted in many different ways. The Jews resisted in various ways, one of which was passive resistance. One forms of passive resistance was survival. Survival was a form of resistance because it went against the Nazis aim, which was to exterminate the Jews. Examples of the effort of survival were seen in ghettos where food smuggling operations were carried out and also various activities, which supported the will to live and try to add some 'normality' to life. Also another example of the will to preserve life was the Jewish Self Help association, which organised street collections and soup kitchens. The reason for the will to survive is that they believed that they were going to be resettled in the East rather than sent to their death. However if the Jews knew that they were going to be executed many would have lost the will to live, but some it would of given them more determination to resist the Nazis by force, which became apparent around 1942. However the passive resistance and defiance through survival raised morale, due to the fact that they were snubbing and defying the third Reich, which was one of the strongest armies the world has ever seen. Examples of surviving were also seen in the actual death camps where tact and initiative were used to avoid the gas chambers in which Samuel Pisar who was a prisoner a Auschwitz was in the line for entering the gas chambers at which point he saw a pail of water & a brush, he then got them & started scrubbing the floor, until he got out the door he then

Transforming anglian water

Introduction It is believed that survival of an organization in contemporary era of globalization & liberalization is directly correlated to the extent to which it utilizes advanced information technology tools and practices Total Quality Management. The concept of â€Å"Learning Organization† was introduced by Chris Argyris and further researched and explained by Sange (1990). Sange defined Learning Organization as the organization â€Å"in which you cannot not learn because learning is so insinuated into the fabric of life.† He further defines Learning Organization as â€Å"a group of people continually enhancing their capacity to create what they want to create.† The purpose of this assignment is to study Anglian Water in the light of Learning Organization and: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Investigate the extent to which the organization could actually claim to be a Learning Organization. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Identify those factors that may undermine the concept of â€Å"Learning Organization† in   Anglian Water and call into question the investments made. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Explain if Anglian Water can sustain the ideals and practices of a Learning Organization. While exploring the definitions and characteristics of Learning Organizations, the case study of Anglian waters will be investigated and comparisons will be drawn. Chris Argyris differentiates between first order or single loop learning versus second order or double loop learning.   Learning is further explained as detection and correction of errors. Single loop learning detects the errors and then functions within the construct of organization’s governing variable to achieve the desired result. Double loop learning challenges the governing variable itself and aims at producing drastic cultural changes within the organization. Argyris further divides organizations into Model I and Model II. Model I represents the traditional bricks and mortar culture, a few characteristics of which are: Achieve the purpose as the actor defines it, Win, do not lose, Suppress Negative Feelings, Advocating courses of actions which discourage inquiry, Defensive relationships, low freedom of choice. Model II represents a learning organization, the characteristics of which are: Valid Information, Free and Informed choice, Internal Commitment, Sharing control, Surfacing conflicting view, Minimally defensive relationships, High freedom of choice, Increased likelihood of double loop learning. Considering the above view point, Anglian water clearly falls in the Model II category of double loop learning. In the 1990’s it diversified into new markets, conducted employee satisfaction surveys and acted on the results of it. The Management clearly had a vision to introduce and sustain drastic cultural changes and move towards becoming a learning organization. This was achieved to a great extent through employee empowerment & implementation of ‘transformation journey’ which enabled incumbents at all levels to develop attitudinal and behavioral change to be able to cope up with turbulent and uncertain environment. Argyris further introduces us to the concept of triple loop learning (Learning how to learn) which is in continuation to single loop (What to do); Double Loop (Learning what to do). Triple Loop Learning questions the structures and strategies of learning; and how our mental map affects the way we behave. It is considered as the highest level of organizational learning and restructuring. Triple loop learning leads to restructuring of current systems and processes. Dialogues are initiated with in the organization in the form of â€Å"collective mindfulness† to understand the basis of existence of hierarchies; policies, procedures etc and RESTRUCTURING within the organization takes place. A Learning Infrastructure is created where existing structure is studied, dialogue is initiated and new and more effective structures are proposed. Focus then is on developing competencies and skills of individuals – teams – organization and hence emerges a Learning Organization. Anglian Water as an organization seems to have all the characteristics that the Triple Loop learning mentions as that of a Learning Organization. At Anglian water, face to face communication is given utmost importance amongst employees; university of Water was established to integrate , support and accredit all forms of learning; develop skills and competencies that was required to move Anglian water to the 21st century and place it as a global player. Peter Senge (1990) remarks â€Å"The rate at which organizations learn may become the only sustainable source of competitive advantage†. He differentiates between adaptive and generative learning. Adaptive Learning is the initiation of a company into the community of Learning Organization. Generative learning utilizes the power of creativity and innovation to reconstruct those systems and processes that govern consequences. Senge, in his much acclaimed book The fifth discipline explains the five disciplines which according to him are cucial in building a learning organization. The first discipline Personal Mastery concentrates on learning of each and every individual in the organization resulting in Learning organization as a whole. Individual goals and tools to measure the proximity to these goals are developed. Significant evidence of Personal Mastery can be found at Anglian water through the introduction of the concept of travelers whose four guiding principles were a willingness to get to know myself, a desire to develop myself, a desire to develop my full potential with and through others, an ability to link my personal development to the development of Anglian water. The second discipline of Mental Model is the framework of cognitive processes of our mind which determines our thought and action process. Argyris concept of theories of action is similar to the Mental Model concept and govern actual behavior. Espoused theory is what we would like others to believe as our actual action theory. Anglian Water does not seem to have incorporate the Mental Model theory in its learning curve. The third principle of systems thinking or the ability to see interrelationships / circular causations (where a variable is both the cause and effect of another)is prevalent in the practice of Transformation Journey , Total Quality Management , Change Agent Networks. The Fourth principal of shared vision (build on individual vision of it’s members) is not well supported at Anglian Water. While the vision and value statements were rolled out in the 1990s it is unclear if these were created through the interaction between leaders and employees of the organization. It seems more likely that the vision and values were communicated from top to bottom. The fifth discipline of team learning or â€Å"genuine thinking together† was highly encouraged by the leadership at Anglian water and is corroborated with the team and group formations through the methodology of Transformational Journey. Victoria Marsick states that learning organizations involve deep change in the mind sets of people as well as the culture of the organization and socities. Gephart , Marsic & Van Buren 1997 emphasize on Continuous Learning at the system level which at Anglian Water was initiated in the form of Transformational Journey and University of Water. Knowledge generation and sharing was made possible through the introduction of University of Water which aimed at acknowledging, integrating, supporting and accrediting all forms of learning in the company. The concept was further given a boost with the establishment of an intranet for information exchange and communication. Systematic Thinking capacity which enables employees to identify linkages and feedback loops. The presence of the concept of systematic thinking can be illustrated by the feedback statements of employees on the Journey being a good learning experience OR the findings of the employee satisfaction survey that clearly demanded a cultural change in Anglian Water. Greater Participation and accountability by a larger percentage of employees is promoted by Anglian Waters through various methods such as ‘employee satisfaction survey’ , ‘employee empowerment’ , ‘transformational journey’ that saw the participation of more than 3000 employees, new ‘HR Performance Management Policies’. Culture and structure of rapid communication and learning was introduced with the advent of the 2 year long traveler role and Aqua University. Rapid communication was facilitated through the installment of Intranet. Pedler, another major pioneer, in his work ‘Blue prints of a learning company’ characterizes such organizes through the usage of five themes. ‘Strategy’ is explained through: i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Learning approach to strategy was seen in the efforts to promote team working and cooperation through transformational journey which would have a direct bearing on the operational effectiveness and business performance. ii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Participative Policy making is missing in Anglian Water’s organizational learning. ‘Looking in’ encompasses: i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Informating or use of information technology to inform and empower employees by giving them access to information was being practiced at Anglein Water through installation of Hawk – their intranet system. ii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Internal Exchange was facilitated through the introduction of Total Quality Management i.e. Each department treated the other as Internal Customer iii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Formative Accounting and control and iv.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   reward flexibility are missing from the grounds of Anglian Water. ‘Enabling structures’ are flexible organizations which revisit & reformat structures, goals, objectives to align with the interest of employees, shareholders and suppliers. Post privatization, Anglian Water reorganized it’s business, restructured to a flatter organization, encouraged cross functional and individual participation to facilitate positive change. Transformational Journey empowered employees to arrange for their own support and skill development. ‘Looking out’ encompasses i. ‘Boundary workers as environmental scanners’, which refers to the collection of information from the external stakeholders of an organisation in order to establish their needs is evident through the introduction of TQM a key element of which is to be: ‘sensitive to customer requirements and to respond rapidly to them†¦to achieve customer satisfaction†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Stark, 1998) ii.‘Inter-company learning’ which entails joining with customers and suppliers in training experiences, research and development and job exchanges is conspicuous by its absence in Anglian Water. Learning Opportunities talks of i.    Learning Climate encourages employees to seek continuous improvement, learn from their experiences and make time to question practices and try out new ones. Establishment of university of water by Anglian Water for the sole purpose of learning and development of employees attests the presence of Learning Climate in the company. ii. Self Development opportunities for all was encouraged at Anglian Water through the introduction of Transformational journey which was a holistic strategy designed to prepare and equip employees for the technical and emotional challenges of operating in a turbulent and uncertain environment. To Summarize, whether Anglian Water can claim to be a learning organization, I would like to include a few ideas organized by Art Kleiner states as Why Bother? i.   Because we want superior performance and competitive advantage ii.    For customer relations iii. To avoid decline iv.    To improve quality v.    To understand risks and diversity more deeply vi.    For innovation vii.   For our personal and spiritual well being viii.    To increase our ability to manage change ix.       For energized committed work force x.   To expand boundaries Above mentioned ten points are positive results of a successful learning organization. Anglian Water when viewed in the light of the above mentioned results comes out as a winner in the field of learning organizations  The next step is to identify factors that may undermine the concept of Learning Organization in Anglian Water. Senge states that the role of a leader is to build a shared vision. Though the vision and value statement that were released at Anglien Water were designed to inculcate new attitudes and behaviors, no evidence of participation of employees in shared vision building exercise is found. Shell (1997) also talks of Creative tension as a characteristic of Learning Organization. This enables innovation and visioning the future and further working towards a commonly agreed goal. However, this capacity to vision the future seems to be lacking in the employees of Anglian Water. This was more than evident when in 1990 Ofwat recommended a price reduction of at least 17.5%. and this decision hit the company hard. It suffered tremendous losses and had to initiate a major cost reduction strategy. If the government decision had been predicted by the visionaries of the company, they would have had time to prepare ground for the turbulence that they faced as a result of this Change. Davenport and Prusak (1998) are concerned with the magnitude of importance that has been given to Information technology centric Knowldege Management in Learning Organizations. They state that it is more important to build a culture conducive to knowledge and learning rather that emphasizing on information storage, retrieval and transfer. Clarke and Cooper state that in their goal to be a learning organization, Anglian Water rolled out a complete Knowledge Management Policy. However, their Intranet, despite of being called HAWK – Harnessing Anglian Water’s Knowledge appears to play only a secondary role. One of the major characteristics of Learning Organization is Experiential Learning. Polanyi (1967) characterizes experiential learning as tacit or not highly conscious. Lave and Wenger term the process as ‘legitimate peripheral participation’ which further dilutes   lessons learnt. Employees undergoing experiential learning might not be capable of fully understanding the reasons for success or failure. Thought Processes that are different from that of the value systems of a learning organization might be considered null and void. Marsick points out that when an organization is undergoing change and simultaneously assessing feedbacks, a confused and chaotic situation is bound to emerge. Multiple feedbacks emerge resulting in reception to various signals at the same time. Envisioning the environmental factors that would affect the well being of the company in future and predicting the types of challenges that the company should be ready for becomes very difficult. A tiny random fluctuation, often called Noise ‘can induce the path of choice’ (Capra 1996). It is hence expected of a learning organization to analyze well the various feedbacks and signals and prepare for the future challenges. It appears that the visionaries ay Anglian Water missed the point and hence future environmental challenges could not be well predicted. A few other vital characteristics of a Learning organization, mentioned by Pedler, seem to be missing at Anglian Water are â€Å"Formative Accounting and Control†, â€Å"Feedback loops being built in policy making process†. Formative Accounting and control insists on accounting , budgeting and reporting systems that are designed to help people understand the operations of organizational finance. However, It is important to add here â€Å"scholars often caution against one size fits all approach to creating the learning organization† (Marsick). Hence, it should not be a mandatory criteria for companies to absorb all characteristics defined by all scholars in the field of learning organizations. The third step is to analyze if Anglian Water can sustain the ideals and practices of a Learning Organization. If we refer to that portion of case study which is called â€Å"The future†, what immediately comes to our mind is that Anglian Water can not sustain the ideals and principles of a learning organization. When Anglian Water adopts a major cost reduction strategyin 1998 – 99; it seems to be moving away from the concept of Learning Organization. 10% of the employees (400 in number) were seen losing their jobs. While Learning Organizations are all about Investment in social, human and intellectual capital; Cost reduction strategies include downsizing, ‘low levels of risk taking, ‘short term focus’ ‘minimal levels of employee training and development,’ and ‘narrowly defined career paths’ (Schuler and Jackson, 2006:168) These practices are in stark contrast to senior managements bid to change Anglian Water’s approach to doing business to ‘entrepreneurial, innovative and outward looking’ (Jenkins, 2008:1) Cost Reduction would further mean minimizing overheads and it is assumed that the worse affected areas would be Human Resources & logistics. Under Human Resources, most of the benefits such as training programs, employee engagement activities would have been scrutinized and the logical conclusion would be to cut the costs related to them. In this scenario, existence of a corporate university might come under investigation with respect to the total costs being incurred on it. Huczynski and Buchanan (2001:135) describe LO practices as: ‘A complex difficult set of practices, difficult to implement systematically.’ This criticism is relevant toAnglian Waterin numerous ways. Firstly, with regards to the University of Water, in the long run, those employees involved may struggle with coping with learning and their ‘day job’ at Anglian Water and also the need to encourage employee attrition and encourage ‘new blood’ at Anglian Water. Secondly after the initiation of the cost-reduction strategy the practices of a Learning Organization would be even harder to implement for reasons which were discussed previously. It is imperative to mention here that a lot of scholars in the field of Learning Organizations consider downsizing as a part of the Learning and restructuring process. Labbas 1999, states that employment downsizing has been regarded as the preferred route to improving organizational performance. Success or failure of a downsized organization depends on the workforce remaining after the downsizing (Best Practices in Downsizing: 1997). The Organizational trends in late 1990’s and then at the advent of 21st century was moving towards downsizing , restructuring and outsourcing. Managers continue to use downsizing – and other forms of restructuring – to improve productivity ( Ellis, 1998 ).   Downsizing has been termed as a reorganization strategy by Mckinley, Sanchez and Schick. Few other companies which downsized in 1998 and are still going strong are Kodak, Levis and Citicorp. Freeman and Cameron mention downsizing as an intentional reduction in personnel intended to improve the efficiency of the firm. Last but not the least, the chaos theory related to learning organization deserves to be given its due importance while discussing the probability of success of Anglian Water after downsizing. This theory talks about a situation when an organizational equilibrium becomes structurally unstable at critical bifurcation points†¦.in the system’s evolution where a fork suddenly appears and the system branches off in a new direction (Capra 1996). As a result of occurrence of chaos, a new form of organization would evolve. Since it is important for an organization to always be in the learning category to be able to survive environmental changes, downsizing at Anglian water could be looked as a phase in the learning process. It can be assumed that Anglian Water emerges successful after the process of downsizing and continues in its process of learning through as innovative techniques as â€Å"Transformational Journey†; â€Å"Traveller† and â€Å"University of Water†. Bibliography Peter Sange, Fifth Discipline Chris Argyris On Organizational Learning Watkins and Marsick Sculpting the Learning Organization Beardwell, J and Claydon, T (2007) Human Resource Management A contemporary approach Fifth Edition Pearson Education Ltd Organizational Behavior Tata Mcgraw Hill Burnes, B (2004) Managing Change Pearson Education Ltd Easterby-Smith, M, Burgoyne, J and Araujo, L (2006) Organizational Learning and The Learning Organisation Sage Publications Huczynski, A and Buchanan D (2001) Organisational Behaviour (4th Edition ) FT/Prentice Hall Paton, R, Peters, G, Storey, J and Taylor, S (2005) Handbook of Corporate University Development Gower Publishing Pedlar, M., Boydell, T. and Burgoyne, J. Learning Company Project: A Report on work (see mullins p205) Mabey, C and Salaman, G (1999) Human Resource Management a Strategic Introduction Blackwell Publishers Ltd Schuler, R and Jackson, S Strategic Human Resource Management (2006) Blackwell Publishing Torrington, D and Hall, L(1995)   Human Resource Management Prentice Hall Perter Clarke & Maggie cooper, Knowledge Management & Collaboration      

The Current Constitutional Foundation For The United...

Written Assignment Federalism can be viewed as the current constitutional foundation for the United States of America. This structure of government provides our country with a fortified relationship between each individual state and the national government. Prior to the U.S Constitution, the United States government operated under the Articles of Confederation, which outlined the United States previous federal system. The system provided in the Articles failed due to limited central power and unorganized leniency in the states. This pushed Americans to implement a revised version of these articles, which first introduced a stronger federal government to the people in a document we now know as our Constitution. America was among one of the†¦show more content†¦The Tenth Amendment granted all power to the states, unless specifically delegated to the federal government by the constitution. In addition, the Supremacy Clause may be found in Article Six, Clause Two of the constitution, and states th at the federal government will be the â€Å"supreme law of the land†. This means that if the state and the national governing bodies came into conflict, the federal government would ultimately rule over the state. These two additions to our Constitution exist to limit the tension between the State and United States government, all while ensuring that powers are shared in a fair nature. Today, we see an example of the Supremacy Clause taking action when it comes to same-sex marriage rights. Prior to June 26, 2015 each state had the option to ban or recognize gay and lesbian marriages in its own government. For instance, some states, such as Texas, did not deliver marriage licenses to the LGBT community, where other states would. In June, the Supreme Court ruled 5-4 that all states must issue same-sex marriage licenses and lift their ban on the issue. Although each individual state was previously allowed to govern this area independently, once a Supreme Court decision was introduced, that power was over-ruled. When it was decided that gay and lesbian couples had a right to marry, the states no longer had the ability to pass laws against gay and lesbian couples. This became the new law of the land.